The Global Power Players in Critical Minerals: Who Controls the Supply Chains of the Future?

Critical minerals are the unsung heroes of modern industry—essential for everything from EV batteries to renewable energy infrastructure. As global demand surges amid the energy transition, certain nations have emerged as dominant forces, shaping supply chains and geopolitical landscapes. Here’s an in-depth look at the countries wielding the most influence in key mineral markets.

China’s dominance in critical minerals is nothing short of remarkable, with leading roles in producing:

• 58% of global rare earths (vital for magnets in wind turbines and EV motors)
• 97% of primary gallium (critical for semiconductors and LED screens)
• 84% of tungsten supply (used in high-strength alloys for aerospace)

This dominance stems from decades of strategic investment in mining, processing, and refining—positioning China as a linchpin in global tech and energy supply chains.

Driven by the EV revolution, Australia has become a cornerstone of the lithium market:

• World-class reserves in Western Australia’s "Lithium Triangle"
• Cutting-edge extraction technologies (e.g., brine processing)
• Proximity to Asian markets, including China’s massive battery industry

Its stable political environment and focus on sustainable mining practices further solidify its competitive edge.

Russia’s mineral might spans multiple critical resources:

• 16% of global antimony reserves (used in flame-retardant materials)
• 10% of germanium reserves (key for fiber optics and semiconductors)
• Leading producer of vanadium (for energy storage) and palladium (autocatalysts)

While geopolitical tensions pose challenges, the country’s Arctic and Far East regions hold vast untapped potential for future mineral development.

The U.S. takes a technology-focused approach to mineral security:

• Holds 45% of global germanium reserves (largely unmined)
• Investing in rare earth processing to reduce reliance on imports
• Prioritizing sustainable mining and supply chain resilience through policies like the Inflation Reduction Act

Canada’s mineral strengths lie in:

• Top 3 global nickel producer (critical for EV batteries)
• 23% of world uranium output (nuclear energy)
• Significant gold and platinum reserves

Proximity to the U.S. market and strategic investments in Latin American and African mines enhance its global influence.

Brazil’s mineral portfolio includes:

• Global dominance in niobium (used to strengthen steel alloys)
• Vast iron ore and bauxite reserves
• Expanding lithium exploration in the "Lithium Quadrilateral" region, positioning it for the EV boom

South Africa’s mineral legacy is defined by:

• 80% of global platinum supply (essential for autocatalysts)
• Significant gold and diamond production
• Despite energy and infrastructure challenges, its PGM dominance remains unshaken

Indonesia has rapidly emerged as:

• World’s largest nickel producer (critical for stainless steel and batteries)
• Strategic policies promoting domestic refining to capture value-added exports
• Key player in the "Nickel Belt" alongside the Philippines and New Caledonia

The DRC controls a staggering >60% of global cobalt supply, a mineral essential for lithium-ion batteries. While infrastructure and ethical mining challenges persist, its resource wealth is pivotal for the global energy transition.

From China’s rare earth monopoly to the DRC’s cobalt riches, these nations are the architects of our technological and energy future. Their control over critical minerals underscores the high stakes in the race for supply chain security—a race that will shape economic power and geopolitical dynamics for decades to come.